242 research outputs found

    Soft Surveillance: The Growth of Mandatory Volunteerism in Collecting Personal Information “Hey Buddy Can You Spare a DNA?”

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    Le développement accéléré des technologies de communication, de saisie et de traitement de l’information durant les dernières années décennies ouvre la voie à de nouveaux moyens de contrôle social. Selon l’auteur Gary Marx ceux-ci sont de nature non coercitive et permettent à des acteurs privés ou publics d’obtenir des informations personnelles sur des individus sans que ceux-ci y consentent ou mêmes sans qu’ils en soient conscients. Ces moyens de contrôle social se fondent sur certaines valeurs sociales qui sont susceptibles de modifier le comportement des individus comme le patriotisme, la notion de bon citoyen ou le volontarisme. Tout comme les moyens coercitifs, elles amènent les individus à adopter certains comportements et à divulguer des informations précises. Toutefois, ces moyens se fondent soit sur le consentement des individus, consentement qui est souvent factice et imposée, soit l’absence de connaissance du processus de contrôle par les individus. Ainsi, l’auteur illustre comment des organisations privées et publiques obtiennent des informations privilégiées sur la population sans que celle-ci en soit réellement consciente. Les partisans de tels moyens soulignent leur importance pour la sécurité et le bien publique. Le discours qui justifie leur utilisation soutient qu’ils constituent des limites nécessaires et acceptables aux droits individuels. L’emploi de telles méthodes est justifié par le concept de l’intérêt public tout en minimisant leur impact sur les droits des individus. Ainsi, ces méthodes sont plus facilement acceptées et moins susceptibles d’être contestées. Toutefois, l’auteur souligne l’importance de reconnaître qu’une méthode de contrôle empiète toujours sur les droits des individus. Ces moyens de contrôle sont progressivement intégrés à la culture et aux modes de comportement. En conséquence, ils sont plus facilement justifiables et certains groupes en font même la promotion. Cette réalité rend encore plus difficile leur encadrement afin de protéger les droits individuels. L’auteur conclut en soulignant l’important décalage moral derrière l’emploi de ces méthodes non-coercitives de contrôle social et soutient que seul le consentement éclairé des individus peut justifier leur utilisation. À ce sujet, il fait certaines propositions afin d’encadrer et de rendre plus transparente l’utilisation de ces moyens de contrôle social.The accelerated development of communication technologies let private and public actors obtain private information on individuals without their consent, or even without their actual knowledge. These methods of social control are based on certain social values that are susceptible of influencing individual behavior, such as patriotism, voluntarism or the notion good citizenship. Just like coercive methods, ‘soft’ methods influence individuals into adopting certain behaviors and revealing precise in formations. However, these methods are based upon the false or forced acceptance of the subject. Alternatively, soft methods of social control can also work without the knowledge of the subject that the process is taking place. The author thus illustrates how private or public organizations can obtain personal information on the population without its knowledge or consent. Supporters of such methods emphasize their importance through the need for security and the public good. The current discourse justifying the use of such methods states that they represent necessary and acceptable limits to individual liberties. Their use is justified by the concept of public good while minimizing their impact on individual rights. As such, these methods are easily accepted by the population and are for less susceptible to be legally contested. However, the author holds that any methods of social control always impedes individual rights and must be recognized as such. Soft methods of social control are being progressively integrated into popular culture and in current norms of behavior. Consequently, they are more easily justified and even actually promoted by certain groups. This situation limits any possibilities of establishing an effective control of soft methods to protect individual rights. The author concludes by emphasizing the significant moral aspect of the use of soft methods of social control and holds that, ultimately, they can only be justified by the enlightened consent of the individuals. Finally, he proposes certain mechanisms to outline the use of any methods of social control and increase their transparency

    Mots et mondes de surveillance : Contrôle et contre-contrôle à l’ère informatique

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    On a jusqu’ici peu étudié la surveillance en tant que phénomène sociologique, c’est-à-dire en portant attention aux dynamiques d’action et de réaction dans lesquelles s’engagent ses acteurs. On a également beaucoup trop simplifié les catégories conventionnelles des objectifs, des cibles, des acteurs et des méthodes de surveillance. Ce texte offre un certain nombre de solutions visant à éliminer ces problèmes. L’auteur y montre également à quel point les pronostics alarmistes dénonçant la surveillance excessive, aussi bien que l’insuffisance de surveillance, sont dépourvus des assises empiriques nécessaires.So far, the study of surveillance as a sociological phenomenon has suffered from a number of shortcomings mostly due to oversimplified categories of objectives, targets, agents and methods, as well as a lack of attention paid to the dynamics of surveillance and counter-surveillance activities. This paper offers suggestions which may be helpful to alleviate both types of problems. It also shows why more empirical observation is required before claims of impending doom, either from insufficient or from excessive surveillance, is to be considered

    The Law\u27s Secrets

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    A Review of Legal Secrets: Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law by Kim Lane Scheppel

    Dmitri Shalin Interview with Gary T. Marx about Erving Goffman entitled Marx-Shalin Exchange on the Goffman Project

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    The following email exchange between Dmitri Shalin and Gary T. Marx, Professor Emeritus of sociology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, took place between August 27, 2008, and October 16, 2008. The exchange was occasioned by Shalin’s paper “Goffman’s Biography and Interaction Order: A Study in Biocritical Hermeneutics.” The original text is in black, Marx’s comments are marked red, and Shalin’s response is in blue

    Changes in the Policing of Civil Disorders Since the Kerner Report: The Police Response to Ferguson, August 2014, and Some Implications for the Twenty-First Century

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    The Kerner Commission identified factors contributing to police ineffectiveness during the 1960s civil disorders. Since release of the Kerner report, the frequency and intensity of civil disorders has declined and the policing of disorders has changed. Using the report recommendations as a framework, we analyze changes in police disorder management during the 2014 events in Ferguson as these involve operational planning and equipment. Data for the Ferguson case are constructed from media reports, police and activist accounts, after action reports, and field observations. We link changes seen in Ferguson to larger institutional changes in law enforcement over the last fifty years. We conclude with discussions on what did and did not work in the policing of Ferguson and highlight implications for policing of protest and disorder in the twenty-first century

    Book Reviews

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    An Ethics for the New (and Old) Surveillance

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